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中共湖南省委《新湘评论》杂志社主办

土家织锦:土家姑娘的“心灵之花”
——湖湘文化之光——湖南省国家级非物质文化遗产走读

作者:田茂军 来源:《新湘评论》2020年第2期 发布日期:2020年01月19日 05时00分26秒 编辑:redcloud

 

 

 

  “叭台叭台织土花,郎在后园把土挖。阿哥挖土老半天,你中饭都不送一下。”这是土家族流传甚广的一首情歌,唱的是年轻的男子向心上人亲昵地抱怨为何一心埋头“织土花”,连中饭都忘记送了。直白的歌词凸显出土家儿女大胆热情的民族性格。情歌中唱到的“织土花”是怎样一种手工技艺,能让多情的土家姑娘心无旁骛,连给情郎送饭都忘记了呢?

 

  所谓“织土花”,就是编织土家织锦。土家织锦民间称为“打花”,土家语称为“西兰卡普”。在土家语里,“西兰”是铺盖的意思,“卡普”代表着花,“西兰卡普”就是土家族人的“花铺盖”。土家织锦是土家族妇女世代手工编织技艺的智慧结晶,被誉为土家姑娘的“心灵之花”,2006年入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

 

  

渊源·发展

 

  历史文献中,关于“西兰卡普”的介绍寥寥。根据《后汉书·西南蛮夷传》所载,“武陵蛮”有着“织绩木皮,染以草实”“好五色衣服”“衣裳斑斓”的穿着风尚。“武陵蛮”就是历史上对生活在武陵山区的土家族的一种称呼。土家族喜爱艳丽着装又善于织作的悠久传统一直保留下来。

 

  土家族织锦技艺主要存在于湖南省龙山、永顺、保靖和古丈四县的酉水河两岸地区。元明清以来,酉水土家地区实行土司制度,以“土”呼族的名称出现,于是“土锦”的名称被普遍使用。乾隆年间所修《永顺府志》记载:“土妇颇善纺织……土锦或经纬皆丝,或丝经棉纬,用一手织纬,一手挑花,遂成五色,其挑花用细牛角。”可见此时土锦的织造技艺已趋成熟。

 

  “改土归流”以后,清政府禁止土家人“男女服饰不分”,五彩斑斓的土家传统着装受到限制,从而使土锦丧失在服饰中的主导,不得不向被饰品拓展,由成衣的细布演化为被盖的粗布,色彩绚丽、纹饰粗犷,继而发展成为土家族最具代表性的标志——土家族织锦。

 

  民国时期的土家织锦已远近闻名,并走出国门。1939年所修的《龙山县志》中就有:“近有征往长沙、南京及东西各国备品列者”的记载。

 

  新中国成立后,1957年土家族被确定为单一民族,土锦便被正式命名为“土家织锦”。随后土家织锦因其悠久的历史、精湛的技艺以及独具特色的土家族风情而广为人知。

 

  

技艺·民俗

 

  土家织锦一直沿用具有上千年历史的“腰裹斜织机”进行织作,使用这种织机需要把经线全拴在腰上,观其背面,织出正面,这种织法织出来的织品美观整齐,结实耐用,光泽永存。

 

  织锦的主要方法是“通经断纬”,即经线全程贯穿织物,固定不变,纬线根据图案、色彩的需要随时截断,图案需变化多少次,纬线就可断开多少次。这种固定经线的织锦工艺是中国最古老的织花工艺,有织造“活化石”之称,随着织造技艺的不断发展,“通经断纬”工艺渐趋沉寂,而土家织锦却将传统的“通经断纬”技艺发挥到极致,让这门古老手艺大放异彩。

 

  土家织锦抛开了常规意义上的织布梭,编织全靠一双巧手。一旦织错一点,就得拆线重新来过。因此,织造速度极慢,一个稍微复杂点的纹样,一天织8小时也最多只能织3厘米长。这种纯手工织造的复杂技艺过渡到现代机械加工有很大的难度。

 

  织锦作为女红产物,既是土家新娘不可缺少的嫁妆,又是人们对土家姑娘心灵手巧高下水平进行评判的重要依据。在土家姑娘的嫁妆中,土家织锦是最为重要的陪嫁品。土家织锦做被面的被子,越多越好,越多越能体现姑娘的灵气、福气和娘家的气派。一般姑娘出嫁要8床被子,讲究的要12床,甚至18床,有的是娘家自己准备,有的是姑妈、姨妈、舅妈等女性长辈赠送。赠送一床土家织锦被面的被子是厚礼,送者有脸面,受者也最高兴。男方娶亲的当天,要根据女方铺盖的多少来安排背铺盖的人。所有被子,整齐叠成豆腐块形状,用红绳系好。一个妇女背一床铺盖。所有接亲背铺盖的女性,均着新衣服,背上细篾编织的花背篓,又称喜背篓。接亲的人,一人背一床艳丽斑斓的花被子,喜气洋洋地走在蜿蜒的田间地头,成为土家寨子里一道独一无二的亮丽风景。

  

 

价值·传承

 

  作为土家族的非物质文化遗产,土家织锦与土家语言、土家民俗共同构成了土家族最为显著的民族文化标志。

 

  土家织锦是族群记忆的艺术表达。土家族没有自己的文字,历史记载和民族记忆只能凭借其他形式,而土家织锦又是最直观的一种形象“语言”,土家族妇女将民族历史和个人情感化为图纹符号,代代相传。就这样,土家织锦以它丰富的图纹形式讲述着土家族古老文明的历史进程和族群的历史记忆。“窝毕”(蛇花)和“实毕”(小动物)等是原始渔猎时代的代表;“神龛花”和“六乔花”等是刀耕火种的痕迹;“土王一颗印”和“老司衣”等是八百年土司统治历史的见证;“福禄寿喜”和“万字流水”等则是民族交流的鲜活证物。这些古老的纹饰展示了土家族原始宗教的信仰和崇拜以及族群的远古记忆,称得上是织在锦上的土家族历史。

 

  土家织锦如今正在发生着历史的变迁,也曾面临传承危机,特别是因其织造工艺复杂特殊,土家织锦技艺的传承更加艰难。传统土家织锦手工技艺主要靠师传徒、母传女、婆传媳,以口传心授的方式传承,多以家庭和小作坊的形式存在,自产自销,规模极小。这种封闭、保守传承、传播方式,不可避免地让许多优秀产品和传统绝技面临失传。

 

  为“转危为机”,使土家织锦得到挽救和发展,在龙山县委、县政府的支持下,土家织锦非遗传承人刘代娥在本村捞车河组织了土家织锦传习所,开班授课,教授年轻人织锦艺术。龙山县就业局开设了土家织锦班,培训年轻学生学习织锦技艺。龙山县职业技术中学还开设了土家织锦课程,教授理论和实践课程。当地的中小学也将课堂搬到了工厂,定期组织学生参观学习。

 

  2015年9月10日,龙山县举行了秋梅土家织锦有限公司非物质文化遗产生产性保护基地揭牌仪式,这标志着国家级非物质文化遗产——土家织锦从此有了专门的传承、开发和生产基地,传统民族文化有了新的发展路径。

 

  洗车河流域曾是土家织锦最为繁盛的地方,可谓“家家有织机,户户有织女”。如今,这项古老美丽的织锦技艺,在经历风雨洗礼后重新显露出了它娇艳的面容,承载着土家族儿女的民族记忆和玲珑匠心的土家织锦将继续编织出新的历史,焕发出新的生命力。

 

 

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    FreeMarker template error (DEBUG mode; use RETHROW in production!): No error description was specified for this error; low-level message: feign.RetryableException: Read timed out executing GET http://content-ms/content/list/channel?siteId=220&channelId=22433&pageSize=8&excludeNum=0&includeTop=1&terminal=1&videoFlag=false&randomFlag=false ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: @_contentList id="yuhuatuijianNewsLis... [in template "site_220//template/content/county_right.html" at line 26, column 19] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.template.TemplateException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.freemarker.base.impl.BaseTemplateDirective.execute(BaseTemplateDirective.java:31) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:452) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:102) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:335) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:341) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:314) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:383) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.templatefile.TemplateFileService.generateFileByFile(TemplateFileService.java:681) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.templatefile.TemplateFileService.generateStaticFileForTemplatePage(TemplateFileService.java:163) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.templatefile.TemplateFileService$$FastClassBySpringCGLIB$$48aa813.invoke() at org.springframework.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:218) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(CglibAopProxy.java:793) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:163) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.MethodInvocationProceedingJoinPoint.proceed(MethodInvocationProceedingJoinPoint.java:89) at cn.rednet.redcloud.common.aspect.ClassMethodTimeAspect.aroundMethod(ClassMethodTimeAspect.java:82) at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor20.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AbstractAspectJAdvice.invokeAdviceMethodWithGivenArgs(AbstractAspectJAdvice.java:634) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AbstractAspectJAdvice.invokeAdviceMethod(AbstractAspectJAdvice.java:624) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AspectJAroundAdvice.invoke(AspectJAroundAdvice.java:72) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.aop.interceptor.ExposeInvocationInterceptor.invoke(ExposeInvocationInterceptor.java:97) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(CglibAopProxy.java:708) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.templatefile.TemplateFileService$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$1f864d69.generateStaticFileForTemplatePage() at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.TemplatePageServiceImpl.saveAndPublishTemplatePage(TemplatePageServiceImpl.java:315) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.TemplatePageServiceImpl.saveAndPublishIndex(TemplatePageServiceImpl.java:600) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.TemplatePageServiceImpl$$FastClassBySpringCGLIB$$92d4ea80.invoke() at org.springframework.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:218) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(CglibAopProxy.java:793) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:163) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.MethodInvocationProceedingJoinPoint.proceed(MethodInvocationProceedingJoinPoint.java:89) at cn.rednet.redcloud.common.aspect.ClassMethodTimeAspect.aroundMethod(ClassMethodTimeAspect.java:82) at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor20.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AbstractAspectJAdvice.invokeAdviceMethodWithGivenArgs(AbstractAspectJAdvice.java:634) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AbstractAspectJAdvice.invokeAdviceMethod(AbstractAspectJAdvice.java:624) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AspectJAroundAdvice.invoke(AspectJAroundAdvice.java:72) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor$1.proceedWithInvocation(TransactionInterceptor.java:123) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:388) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:119) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.aop.interceptor.ExposeInvocationInterceptor.invoke(ExposeInvocationInterceptor.java:97) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:763) at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(CglibAopProxy.java:708) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.service.impl.TemplatePageServiceImpl$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$e59ef362.saveAndPublishIndex() at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.schedule.RightSidePageStaticJob.lambda$generateHtml$0(RightSidePageStaticJob.java:82) at java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1257) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.schedule.RightSidePageStaticJob.generateHtml(RightSidePageStaticJob.java:79) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.schedule.RightSidePageStaticJob.generate(RightSidePageStaticJob.java:66) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.schedule.RightSidePageStaticJob.execute(RightSidePageStaticJob.java:49) at com.xxl.job.core.thread.JobThread.run(JobThread.java:152) Caused by: feign.RetryableException: Read timed out executing GET http://content-ms/content/list/channel?siteId=220&channelId=22433&pageSize=8&excludeNum=0&includeTop=1&terminal=1&videoFlag=false&randomFlag=false at feign.FeignException.errorExecuting(FeignException.java:268) at feign.SynchronousMethodHandler.executeAndDecode(SynchronousMethodHandler.java:131) at feign.SynchronousMethodHandler.invoke(SynchronousMethodHandler.java:91) at feign.ReflectiveFeign$FeignInvocationHandler.invoke(ReflectiveFeign.java:100) at org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignCachingInvocationHandlerFactory$1.proceed(FeignCachingInvocationHandlerFactory.java:66) at org.springframework.cache.interceptor.CacheInterceptor.lambda$invoke$0(CacheInterceptor.java:54) at org.springframework.cache.interceptor.CacheAspectSupport.execute(CacheAspectSupport.java:351) at org.springframework.cache.interceptor.CacheInterceptor.invoke(CacheInterceptor.java:64) at org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignCachingInvocationHandlerFactory.lambda$create$1(FeignCachingInvocationHandlerFactory.java:53) at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy204.getContentListByChannel(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor664.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.springframework.aop.support.AopUtils.invokeJoinpointUsingReflection(AopUtils.java:344) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:198) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:163) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.MethodInvocationProceedingJoinPoint.proceed(MethodInvocationProceedingJoinPoint.java:89) at cn.rednet.redcloud.common.aspect.ClassMethodTimeAspect.aroundMethod(ClassMethodTimeAspect.java:82) at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor20.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AbstractAspectJAdvice.invokeAdviceMethodWithGivenArgs(AbstractAspectJAdvice.java:634) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AbstractAspectJAdvice.invokeAdviceMethod(AbstractAspectJAdvice.java:624) at org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AspectJAroundAdvice.invoke(AspectJAroundAdvice.java:72) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.interceptor.ExposeInvocationInterceptor.invoke(ExposeInvocationInterceptor.java:97) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) at org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:220) at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy205.getContentListByChannel(Unknown Source) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.freemarker.directive.ContentListDirective.execute(ContentListDirective.java:191) at cn.rednet.redcloud.template.freemarker.base.impl.BaseTemplateDirective.execute(BaseTemplateDirective.java:27) ... 61 more Caused by: java.net.SocketTimeoutException: Read timed out at java.net.SocketInputStream.socketRead0(Native Method) at java.net.SocketInputStream.socketRead(SocketInputStream.java:116) at java.net.SocketInputStream.read(SocketInputStream.java:171) at java.net.SocketInputStream.read(SocketInputStream.java:141) at java.io.BufferedInputStream.fill(BufferedInputStream.java:246) at java.io.BufferedInputStream.read1(BufferedInputStream.java:286) at java.io.BufferedInputStream.read(BufferedInputStream.java:345) at sun.net.www.http.HttpClient.parseHTTPHeader(HttpClient.java:735) at sun.net.www.http.HttpClient.parseHTTP(HttpClient.java:678) at sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream0(HttpURLConnection.java:1587) at sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream(HttpURLConnection.java:1492) at java.net.HttpURLConnection.getResponseCode(HttpURLConnection.java:480) at feign.Client$Default.convertResponse(Client.java:110) at feign.Client$Default.execute(Client.java:106) at org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.loadbalancer.LoadBalancerUtils.executeWithLoadBalancerLifecycleProcessing(LoadBalancerUtils.java:57) at org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.loadbalancer.RetryableFeignBlockingLoadBalancerClient.lambda$execute$2(RetryableFeignBlockingLoadBalancerClient.java:168) at org.springframework.retry.support.RetryTemplate.doExecute(RetryTemplate.java:329) at org.springframework.retry.support.RetryTemplate.execute(RetryTemplate.java:225) at org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.loadbalancer.RetryableFeignBlockingLoadBalancerClient.execute(RetryableFeignBlockingLoadBalancerClient.java:114) at feign.SynchronousMethodHandler.executeAndDecode(SynchronousMethodHandler.java:121) ... 90 more
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